To resolve the Darfur issue _ flying cart

To resolve the Darfur issue [1930] (2006-12-12) summary: this article is about the general situation in the Darfur region, by explaining the origin of Darfur, the analysis of the causes of the outbreak of the war in Darfur, that is the source of the problem in Darfur, Sudan to the existing social systems; Darfur the essence of the problem fighting for power �� in the Darfur region of the black people in order to fight for their political, economic and cultural power, to take up arms to resist Government in Khartoum. Although, the Darfur region being a humanitarian disaster, but I think the situation in Darfur is not like the United States said it was a genocide, Darfur upgrade will be a continuation of the Sudanese civil war. Keywords: Darfur, the Sudanese civil war, and genocide of power is located in North Africa and sub-Saharan Africa, counterclockwise, with Egypt, Libya, Chad, Central Africa, Congo, Uganda, Kenya, Ethiopia and Eritrea, 9 countries, special geographical position, belong to the Middle East and Africa's excessive, ethnic and religious conflicts complex, Samuel Huntington's "clash of civilizations ��" point of view, the Sudan in the civilization of the fault zone, the North is the Arab civilization of Islam, the South is the original fetishism of black Africa. But since 1956 Sudan official independence, domestic war sprawing, continues to this day, the country has always attracted the attention of the international community. Darfur (Darfur) is located in a region of Western Sudan, about 50 million square kilometres, only through Libya, Chad and the Central African Republic, Sudan has a total area of 1/5. Darfur region natural geographic conditions: the northern and Western regions of the Sahara desert, barren Southeast extension of the outback desert area 14.5 million square kilometers, accounting for 28% of the total area; central to Darfur and mountain plateau, tableland which Myra Volcano (JabelMarrah) is the most local water resources, land most fertile, the most fertile regions; whereas for Valley in the South terrain. The region's climate from North presents from tropical desert climate to Savannah climate transition characteristics, rainfall is also gradually from North to South. And Northern desert covered with high temperature, droughts, and little rain; the central mountains of annual precipitation to 100-300 mm; relatively abundant rainfall in the southern region, the annual precipitation is about 400-800 mm. Such a geographic situation and climate characteristics, resulting in the Darfur region of water and land resources are limited and uneven distribution, this is the future of the local population for soil and water resources have implications. In 1994, the Government in Khartoum to the area into three, from North to South, North Darfur province, Western Province of Darfur and Southern Darfur province. In the North and West Darfur province's population, the majority of African blacks, in South Darfur province's population, the majority of the Arabs. First, the origin of the Darfur issue (a) tribal conflict in the Darfur region's total population of approximately 600 million, of which some 60 per cent of the population is living in the land, the rest were mostly peasants to nomadic or semi-nomadic pastoralists living. Fur (Fur) is the oldest in the Darfur region, most Aboriginal people, the remaining main black tribal and Zaghawa people (Zaghawa) and Masalit (Masalit). Arabs are mainly nomadic or semi-nomadic and distribution in the region to the North, while the indigenous Africans mainly engaged in agricultural activities, live in the Central and southern regions. Into the 1970s, the incidence of drought in the Darfur region, the North was already relatively harsh environment now due to natural disasters, it certainly will not be able to load the normal life of the local residents. So not in order to survive, even from the region of northern Chad and other neighbouring countries of the Arab nomadic massive migration to the South-Central region of Darfur in search of pasture and water sources, leading to excessive expansion of the local population, from 20 years ago, 300 000 to the current six million [1]. The mid-1980s and early 1990s, Sudan most areas affected by drought, Darfur and other Western provinces, especially, is expected to have tens of millions of people suffer from hunger. This Arab black African immigrant and local tribes because of competition for land and water and conflict increased significantly. According to local scholars, 1968-1976 year 3 onwards, 1976-1980 year 5, 1980-1998 reached 21 onwards [2]. The tribal conflict in the party in order to protect their own tribes living natural resources are not necessary for the others to plunder, and the other party in order to find new can fit their homes must be preempted the former sites of such tribes gradually developed from their own militia armed, so that the possible conflict Rob preemptive. This way, by the 1990s, the Arab tribes and the fur, Zaghawa and Masalit, black tribal conflict escalating, initially as a resource of contention evolved into tribal feuds between, both have a large number of casualties, a life and death and hate. (Ii) formal outbreak of war in Darfur at the fur people, black people only want to use force to drive the violations of their beautiful home, the Arab nomadic peoples to ensure their own survival. Later blacks in conflict with the Arabs continued to grow, gradually formed two organized by anti-Government armed �� Sudan Liberation Movement (SLM SudanLiberation Movement, called) and the justice and equality movement (Justice and EqualityMovement, hereinafter referred to as JEM). The former to the fur people as the main body, the latter to Zaghawa people as the main body. In February 2003, North Darfur state capital Fasher (elFasher) were their captured by force, armed forces of a senior generals were captured, this incident marked the official war broke out. However, at that time the Khartoum Government is busy and the anti-Government armed South-Sudan People's Liberation Army (SudanPeople ' s Liberation Army "SPLA) signed a peace agreement, Darfur rebels fell to the State capital of El FasherNo mental preparation. After the impact before emergency moving will, rush challenge, the end result of the haste, military strength is insufficient and not on the local situation, and so on, into retreat, sweep the majestically. In order to restore the military assault on the decline, the Government began with Jane and Weide (Janjaweed) armed and rebels battle. "Jane and Weide" is on to nomadic Arab-dominated called mala Hiller (Maraheel) Organization of a militia. This appellation is comprised of three Arabic words thumbnails, which means: "riding horses, handheld GM3 cannon of the OGRE." From the 1980s onwards, "Jane added Weide" has been widely spread in Darfur, especially some loafer composition of armed, used to disperse operations and experienced frequent harassment Africans settlers, reputation always bad, often who gave money to give his life [3]. Second, the essence of the Darfur issue (a) what was the reason why war? Darfur in 2003 formally embarked on an enemy with the Sudanese Government, the armed is definitely behind in many aspects. If you print it out, there may be water and land resources are scarce, tribal conflicts, religious conflicts, the region being marginalized, the relationship between Central and local governments and affected by the impact of the civil war in the South. Resource disputes? be geography resources, coupled with the frequent occurrence of natural disasters, which led to the gradual depletion of resources in the Darfur region. General non-human resource-poor settings can be controlled. When people in order to survive and compete for resources, the Government usually come to coordinate resource allocation problem, this problem will be solved. In addition, in the Darfur region suffer from a lack of resources is the threat of Arab nomadic tribes in the North, they migrate to the South in order to survive, pasture and affluent, results against the Government of the African tribes, not the Arab nomadic tribes. So meagre resources are insufficient to explain the black people on the road against the armed Government. Racial identity? religious conflicts? Darfur almost all Muslim residents, whether they are Africans or Arab, they many beliefs of Islam, and points belong to different clans, intermarriage between each other, the origin and identity of constantly changing [4]. Drought occurred in the 1970s, the Darfur region of the tribal Basic can coexist peacefully, and not contradictory. Darfur is in resource contention and violent conflict is gradually formed a dividing line between Arabs and blacks, formed two camps of opposition. But the religious beliefs of the distinction is not apparent, there is no information to indicate that Africans must belief is fetishism or Christianity, not the faith of Islam. In addition, most countries in the world today are many peoples and beliefs of national, ethnic or racial differences, religious heterogeneity enough will inevitably lead to conflicts or war, key if the kind of ethnic and religious policy. Southern civil war is a 1983-2004, the Government in Khartoum and South Sudan People's Liberation armed forces expanded up to 21 years of civil war. When the war broke out in Darfur coincided with the Government and the Organization's leader GE let (Garang) deliberation and discussion. Historically, in the South and on the process, Darfur has always been excluded, and is not represented in the peace talks [5]. The South end of the civil war, the Sudan People's Liberation Movement (SPLM) and the Sudanese Government has signed a definitive agreement with the National Assembly (NationalCongress) coalition together the leaders of the ruling; it became the national first Vice-President; southern Sudan has its own independent judicial system, do not need to believe in the Islamic Visalia method [6]. These make Darfur blacks see: only take up arms to resist to own got power. Southern civil war model strengthened their confidence of armed resistance and played the role of catalyst. But the rebels in the South do not directly cause the Darfur people rebel, the former is not caused by the latter. It seems that the above factors are apparent, the Darfur issue deeper reason is what? is marginalized areas, is the relationship between Central and local? to learn these, we need to look at the existing system of the Government of Sudan. (B) the Government's current policy in the Darfur region, Sudan Independence politics, from the first Prime Minister after Ismail �� azari (Ismailal-Azhari) to the incumbent President Omar Hassan Al-�� �� �� Ahmad Al-Bashir (Omar Hassan Ahmedal-Bashir), all of whom are Arabs. Khartoum Government since the 1970s in the Darfur region of the tribe, not friction; purposes of effective management, the conflict in Darfur. 1989-2003, in South Darfur province and the local Government of 61 posts, 41 gave Arabs [7]. Africans in Central or local are in the right position. Economic aspects, Sudan has been the investment projects and development plans focus on green and White Nile basin in central areas and ignore the rest of the developing countries. National financial expenditures are basically on gazira (Gezira) cotton farming projects. Cause the rest of the economy, education and infrastructure are lagging far behind the central region, gradually being marginalized. In addition, South Darfur province of oil revenues are also controlled by the Government in Khartoum, where no right to intervene. Cultural aspects, Nemery regime in 1983 a nationwide promotion of Visalia teaching method, requires that all residents have to comply with this law, on the contrary, the severely punished. But also on the basis of the policy of promoting Arab that Arab culture is the symbol of civilization, the African culture should retain a valuable heritage of Arab culture, and identity level, Arabs are also better than Africans [8]. Islam as a State religion, to adopt integrated policies. (3) the source of the problem from the above that: Blacks in ethnically inferior to Arabs, is not politically, economically, have no access to the Central Government's support, are being marginalized. In the eyes of the Government of Khartoum, the central area of development should take precedence over the remote areas, the status of the central region is distinctlyHigher than that of remote areas. Darfur region in western fringe areas, local black people are armed revolt against the Government, it is because the Khartoum regime imposed by the existing social systems, causing the blacks in all aspects of society are disadvantaged position, there is no equal rights, nor should have the power. This fear is the root of the problem in Darfur. Southern civil war even letting them know that �� only the struggle is the only hope, but to fight to get power. Sudan Liberation Movement (SLM) and the Sudanese justice and equality movement (JEM) lest any newly formed national Government attention are placed in the South of the country's political and economic development at the expense of the Darfur region. So the Darfur region of black people to challenge the existing system: SLM shouted "free Darfur" slogan, accused the Sudanese Government in Darfur without attention to infrastructure development, the central authority in exclusion fur tribal officials, called for in the Darfur region to achieve broader autonomy, a new basis on Sudan; justice and equality organizations advocate the secular, calls for the establishment of democratic secular new Sudan. Obviously, the essence of the problem in Darfur is a power struggle is to give the Darfur region of the black people got more powers, to be more equal rights. Third, the nature of the issue of Darfur (1) genocide? July 2004, the United States Congress passed a resolution to the situation in Darfur as genocide defined. Then in early September, United States Secretary of State Powell also used the term genocide, a few weeks later, President Bush's speech to the United Nations also did this term. To define a behavior is a genocide behavior, you must consider two aspects: one is the intent of the Act. We must determine whether the conduct of the offender is a national, tribal, ethnic or religious background, with humans in whole or in part for malicious purposes or objectives. World genocide to the General Assembly the following specific behaviors as genocide Act: for example, the massacre of some groups of members or the destruction of their material existence and life support, and implement these acts must have genocidal intent [9]. Khartoum Government and "Jane added Weide" armed with a brutal means to combat ethnic groups in Darfur, including the use of targeted killings, comprehensive ransacked, fire injury villages and food Gallery and polluted water, and other tactics. Plus "anti-Government armed men and ' Jane added Weide ' is a militia, military action is difficult to distinguish between the civilian and armed officer. Therefore, ' Jane plus Weide ' armed in exhaustion, often burning the whole village scorched to once and for all. In addition, ' Jane plus Weide ' armed irregulars are the wild also stood out in the war, they saw a rampaging in exhaustion and the means of cruel war in Darfur, which lead to a new century's largest humanitarian catastrophes "[10]. The reason for this, the Government just wants to cruel means suppressing insurgent forces, forcing them to high pressure policy laid down their arms, back and the Government fix the path, you can alert people who are likely to embark on the road against the Government of the Organization, its purpose was not to kill Africans, for genocide. So I think that the problem of non-ethnic massacres in Darfur, according to the definition of the Holocaust in the previous race, it is not consistent with the subjective intent. The United States was defined as the genocide in Darfur, and not on the actual condition of scientific judgement, but other political considerations. (B) the independence of the civil war? Sudan fighting domestic: 1956-1972, Southern Anatolia Annas (AnyaNya) rebellion; 1983-2004, the southern Sudan People's Liberation Movement (SPLM) rebellion; 2003-now, Darfur rebels; first two of rebellion now be characterized as civil war, the latter of the rebel is not a civil war? as Darfur to upgrade again, conflict or war, as well as the expansion of the scale of the problem in time of the succession, which naturally evolved into Sudan and a civil war, civil war times, locations and players have changed. Why Sudan since independence has been fighting? in addition to the above mentioned South civil war and the war in Darfur, the late 1980s, South West Province of C��rdoba, C��rdoba and Blue Nile province also rebellion broke out; the 1990s also occur in eastern Sudan rebel. These rebels have in common is: located in marginalized areas, they are consistent with requirements in the Sudanese Federal in power-sharing. If the Government does not find the existing social systems, then on the Darfur issue or just a comma, a single episode, achievements of domestic peace in Sudan is still a long way to go.