140 _qf216690 Republic of the Sudan

Country name: Republic of the Sudan (The Republic of the Sudan). Physical geography: located in the northeastern part of the Red Sea on the West coast of Africa is Africa's largest country. North West Egypt, Libya, Chad, Central African Republic, South adjoins the Congo, Uganda, Kenya, Ethiopia, Eritrea, Eastern soil. Northeast coastline bordering the Red Sea, about 720 kilometers long. Sudan national climate varies greatly from North to South by tropical desert climate to tropical rainforest climate transition, the hottest season temperatures can reach 50 �� c, the average annual temperature of 21 �� c, long drought, the average annual rainfall of less than 100 mm. Sudan is located in the Ecotone, extremely vulnerable to drought, floods and desertification. Area: 250.58 million square kilometers. Population: 3539.2 million (2005 estimate). There are 19 races, 597 tribes. Blacks accounted for 52%, and accounted for 39% of the Arabs, Bay to 6%, other 3% of human kind. South area population of approximately 20% of the total population. Arabic is the official language, the consumer shall be 60% of the total population. General English. More than 70% of the population profess Islam, mostly Sunni, mainly living in the North, the South residents many professing the original tribal religions and fetishism, only 5% of people believe in Christianity, many live in the South and the capital Khartoum. Important holiday: independence day: 1 month 1 day (national day); saving revolution day: June 30. Capital city: Khartoum (Khartoum), a population of about 600 million (2005), the hottest month is July (26-42 �� c), the coldest month is January (16-32 �� c). Administrative divisions: 26 States that 132 County. Second, the history of Sudan has a long history, as early as 4000 years ago with primitive tribes living. 2800 years BC to 1000 years BC as part of the ancient Egypt. BC 750 years Nubian in Sudan established Kusch Kingdom. 6 century ad into the Christian era in Sudan. A.d. Arabs conquer the 13th century, Islam in Sudan are quickly spread, in the 15th century a fen and fur Islamic kingdoms. 16 century a.d. was incorporated into the Ottoman Empire forces in Turkey. United Kingdom in the 19th century 70 's expansion to Sudan. 1881 and �� Sudanese religious leader Mohammed Ahmed leading mass struggle against the British, in 1885 establishing the Mahdi (i.e. "Savior") Kingdom. 1899 Sudan became the United Kingdom and Egypt's condominium. 1953 set up autonomous Government. 1 January 1956, the establishment of the Republic to declare its independence. 1969 25 may, Nemery military coup came into the country name to the Democratic Republic of the Sudan. In 1985, 6 April, Dahab military coup came into the country name to the Republic of the Sudan. April 1986, Sudan election Sadiq �� Mahdi became Prime Minister. 1989-Jan, Bashir military coup, the establishment of the "Salvation of the Revolutionary Command Council" (hereinafter referred to as "leather means"). October 1993, leather means be dissolved, he was named President Bashir, and in March 1996 and the December 2000 presidential re-election. Third, the political head of State: President Omar Hasan �� �� �� Ahmad Al-Bashir (Omar Hassan AhmedAl-Bashir), in June 1989 as Chairman for the salvation of the Revolutionary Command Council. October 1993, he was named President, March 1996 and re-elected in December 2000. Political parties and organizations: Bashir 1989 coup against partisan activities. On 1 January 1999, the political Constitution of the Soviet Union after the entry into force of the Association to allow political parties registration activities. Su total 24 registered political parties, notably: (1) National Congress Party (NationalCongress): is the ruling party of Bashir Government, hereinafter referred to as the national big. Formerly known as the Sudan National Islamic Front, the Muslim Brotherhood evolved, 1989 coup became the ruling party. The name start-ups are in 1998. In October 1999, held its first National Congress, President Al-Bashir, President of the national big, Hassan Turabi �� Secretary-General. In June 2000, the National Consultative Committee meeting held in large, decided to waive Turabi national big AICPA, September elections Ibrahim �� Ahmed �� Omar (IbrahimAhmed Umar) the Secretary-General of the national big. (2) the Sudan People's Liberation Movement (Sudan People's LiberationMovement): short for "SPLA", was founded in May 1983, the Soviet Union South's largest anti-Government armed, leader John Garang. �� The movement also known as "Garang movement" and "SPLM", its armed forces known as the "Sudan People's Liberation Army (SPLA)". Advocate the establishment of social-economic equality, justice and secular secular society, equal distribution of State power and resources, and with Government forces expand long-term guerrilla warfare. In January 2005, the "SPLA" and Bashir Government signing of the comprehensive peace agreement. Since then, "SPLA" as the Soviet Union the main representative of the South to participate in the political life of the Soviet Union. In July, Garang served as first Vice President of the Soviet Union. July 30, Garang plane crash killed, his Deputy Kiel takes over as Su Garang national unity Government first Vice President, southern autonomous Government and the SPLA President. At present, the SPLA has become the largest parties participating in the Soviet Union. (3) of the Umma Party (UmmaParty): by the Sudanese Islamic Ansab sects teach second Minister-Rahman �� Mahdi was founded in January 1945. In July of 1956 on the ruling from the stage. Party leaders Sadiq �� Mahdi (SadigAlMahdi) served as Prime Minister of Sudan (1985-1989). In 1989, the current President Bashir to launch military coup that overthrew the Umma party-led Government. In December 1996, Sadiq lead part of the Umma party leaders fled Eritrea, go to Egypt. In November 2000, and returned to exile Sadiq end and begin participating in the Soviet Su-political affairs. 2002 Jul 2001, Mubarak �� law drew �� Mahdi (Mubarak Al-FadilMahdi) leadership of the Umma party "reform" faction of innovation from Sadiq leadership of the "mainstream", and the ruling National big agreement, started in politics and entered the Cabinet, the party leaders, Assistant to President Mubarak (October 2004 was dismissed). (4) Democratic Alliance Party (Democratic UnionistParty): established in December 1967, by the national coalition party and the people's Democratic Party merged. Now Sue registered NLD party for the people with the party's "Cindy", leaders to Sharif �� Abidine �� Abidin �� Cindy (Al-shariefZainal-AbinAl-Hindi), some members of the party in the Federal Government in the ministerial posts. Now in exile �� Egypt's Mohamed Osman �� Mirghani (Muhammed UthmanAl-Mirghani) leading foreign NLD party participated in the formation of the including Garang anti-Government armed, the opposition coalition �C Sudan National League for democracy. In 2001, foreign NLD party Vice President Ahmed �� Mirghani ended 12 years of exile to return to Sudan. In 2002, Al-Bashir, Taha, Vice President and Foreign Minister Mustapha, respectively and the Government in exile in Egypt's Presidency, NLD party chairman Mirghani contacts and dialogue. Parliament: on the basis of the 1998 promulgating the Constitution, the National Assembly for the Sudan national legislative bodies, 75% of the members elected, 25% by the associations, organizations of indirectly elected, speaker of the first members of the General Assembly elected, each session of Parliament for a term of four years. First Sudanese national Parliament in 1996 was established on 1 April, a total of 400 people, members of Parliament to Hassan Turabi �� Abdullah �� (HassanAbudullaTurabi). In December 1999, President Al-Bashir declared that the dismissal of the President to dissolve Parliament, Turabi. In December 2000, Su elected the new Parliament, 5 February 2001, Ahmed �� Ibrahim �� Tahir (AhmedIbrahimAl-Tahir) was elected as speaker of the House. August 31, 2005, election of the new Transitional National Assembly, a total of 386 members, Taher re-elected speaker. Judiciary: set the High Judicial Council. Consists of the Supreme Court and the Attorney General. The Chief Justice for the El Obeid �� Haji �� Ali (Abaid HajAli), Attorney-General Ali �� Muhammad �� Ottoman �� Yassin (Ali Mohammed Osman Yassin). Constitution: 1973, to carry out the first Constitution, April 1985. In October of the promulgation of the transitional Constitution, 1989 to 30 June. 30 June 1998, the new Constitution promulgated and implemented, Sudan is a multi-ethnic, multi-cultural, multi-religious States, countries established in the federal system on the basis of non-centralized system; the President is the highest national sovereignty, Supreme Commander of the army, have legislative, judicial, administrative Supreme jurisdiction, by universal suffrage for a term of five years and may be re-elected one session of Parliament is the legislative body;; the independence of the judiciary; establish the principle of freedom of speech, freedom of Association and the principle of political consultations; religious freedom, religious equality, North and South civil and obligations equality. In April 2002, the National Congress Party consultation on amending the decision to abolish two-term President, may be re-elected. In July 2005, Bashir was signed by the Government of national unity of Sudan was established by the transition Constitution. Transitional period of six years, the transition period to maintain unity in Sudan, the implementation of "one country, two systems", the establishment of the North and the two sets of legislative system. Ten counties in the South was established a unified Government, in the South of the North maintain established on the basis of the Islamic law of government agencies, the transition in the South may exercise the right of peoples to self-determination. Government presided over by the President directly:, not Prime Minister. 20 September 2005 from the North of the main members of the Government of national unity is as follows: President Omar Hasan �� �� �� Ahmad Al-Bashir (Omar HassanAhmed Al-Bashir), first Vice President Salva Kiir �� Maya �� hultet (SAlva KiirMayardit), Vice President Ali �� Ottoman �� Muhammad �� Taha (Ali Osman MohammedTaha), Presidential Assistant Mani �� harkawy �� Minawi (Minni Minawi Arkawi), Nafi ' �� Ali �� Nafi ' (Nafie AliNafie). Presidential Adviser 12: Riyad g �� Cook �� Kai (Dr.) (Dr. Riak GaiKiok), Ahmed �� Ali �� Imam (Professor) (Prof. Ahmed Ali Imam), Mustafa �� Ottoman �� Ismail (Dr.) (Dr.Mustafa Osman Ismail), Maggi progenitor cloth �� Caliph (Dr.) (Dr. Majzoubal-Khalifa), Kaji �� Salah �� d �� at-Barney (Dr.) (Dr. Ghazi Salaheddinal-Attabani), Hubner �� malwal (Bona Malawal), falida �� Ibrahim �� Ahmed �� Hussein (female) (FaridaIbrahim Ahmed Hussein), Mansour �� Khalid (Dr.) (Dr. MansurKhaled), Aharon �� Cannon �� Miroir (Dr.) (Dr. Harun Ron Lual), Ali �� El �� Kufuor Tammy Tucker (Professor) (Prof. AliTamim Fartak), Ahmed �� Bilal �� Osman (Dr.) (Dr. Ahmad BilalOsman), Abdullah �� Ali �� Masar (Ali Abdallah Masar). Minister of the Government of national unity of 30 people: Presidential Affairs Minister Bakri �� Hassan �� Saleh (major general) (BaKri HassanSalih), Federal Minister Abdul �� Brazil-�� Saleh �� race sabderat (Abdul-Basit SalihSabdarat), Minister of Cabinet Affairs �� Dingo �� Kay Arul Vall (Deng AlorKol), Minister of Defense Abdul-Rahim �� Muhammad �� Hussein (major general) (Abdul-Rahim MohammedHussein), Foreign Minister Graham �� acul Le �� ADJA Pooh (Lam Akol Ajawin), Interior Minister Zubair Bashir �� �� Taha (Al-ZubairBashir Taha), Minister of finance and national economy �� Zubair Ahmed �� Hassan (Zuberi Ahmed Hassan ), Justice Minister Mohammed Ali �� Moore �� di (Mohamed AliAl-Mardi), energy and mining Minister Ord �� Ahmed �� Hijaz (Dr.) (Dr. Awad AhmedAl-Jaz), Foreign Trade Minister George �� Boolean Negro �� bignami (George BorengNiyami), agriculture and Forestry Minister Mohammed �� Amin �� Isaac �� kabas (Mohamed Eissa Kabashi Al-Amin), etc. The political situation: Bashir since 1989, dissolve Parliament, Cabinet and local governments; to ban all political parties to stop all non-official news agency activities; 1991 nationwide (southern part of the province except) implementation of Islamic law, to the Holy Qur'an and the Hadith as the development of political, economic, and social life, principles and policy guidelines. In March 1996, held the first presidential and parliamentary elections, Bashir was elected President, the National Islamic Front (hereinafter referred to as "NIF") was elected speaker of the House leaders of Turabi. In June 1998, the Soviet Union issued a new Constitution, explicitly provides for freedom of speech, freedom of Association and the principle of political consultations, recognized religious equality, religious freedom, established the independent, open and non-intervention in the domestic affairs of foreign policy. The same year the Government and the adoption of the political Constitution of the Association, some 30 parties registered as a legitimate political party. By the end of 1999, the President Al-Bashir declared that the dissolution of Parliament, Turabi subsequently announced the exit of the ruling National Congress Party (from "NIF" evolved), and the other to form the opposition people's National Congress Party-. In February 2001, Turabi-led people National Congress Party and the South of the leadership Garang anti-Government armed signed a memorandum of understanding, the Soviet security services arrested Turabi. In 2004, the Government of Sudan in March and September thwarted by the people's National Congress party planning; the third coup while continuing to pursue a policy of national reconciliation, to actively seek and northern opposition reconciliation and dialogue, and the southern anti-Government armed peace talks. In the United States and intergovernmental development organization (hereinafter referred to as "the IGAD") direct involvement, sue the Government and anti-Government armed "South Sudan People's Liberation Movement (SPLM)" peace positive progress, 9 January 2005 in Nairobi, the signing of the comprehensive peace agreement. Thus, up to 22-year-old Sudanese civil war ended. Su 9 July up to six-year transition period, the transition period from the North and the coalition Government, Bashir continued term President, SPLM Chairman Garang assumed the USSR's first Vice President (31 July was killed in a plane crash, his Deputy Kiel succession). In September, the Government of national unity was formed. In October, the South was established by the Government of predominantly autonomy SPLM, Kiel. Currently, Su Council basic stability. From June 2006, the Soviet Government and the eastern part of the Government Organization "the eastern front," start in the capital Asmara, Eritrea. The two sides signed the Declaration of principles and other documents, and discussion on substantive breakthrough has laid a good foundation. IV. economic single economic structure in the Sudan, mainly in agriculture, industrial backwardness, weak foundation for nature and foreign aid dependence. The International Monetary Fund to Su as insolvency and should not provide loans to States, in August 1993 to cease its voting rights of Member States. To accelerate the pace of economic recovery, Bashir Government in 1993 and 1996, respectively, to publish new economic legislation, implement a series of economic reform measures, on the one hand, reducing government intervention in the economy, the market economy, to encourage foreign investment, the development of agriculture, promoting exports, on the other hand to promote the privatization process. In 1997, the Soviet Government in accordance with the International Monetary Fund (IMF) requirements for financial policy, strict control of public expenditure, spending limit dependence on bank loans, reduction of currency circulation, focus priority development of strategic projects, using oil export-led economy, inflation, and deficits are clear decline, economic situation tends to improve. 1998 and 1999, the Soviet Government are repaying the International Monetary Fund loan, subject to the Organization, and in 2000 to restore its voting rights of Member States. Sudan proved oil reserves of about 150 million barrels. In recent years, Sudan establish petroleum industry. With a large number of oil exports and with high oil prices spur, the Government has gradually increased on roads, railways, power stations and other infrastructure, as well as education, health, livelihood project investment. The Sudanese economy maintain rapid growth, is currently the fastest economic development in Africa. Gross domestic product (GDP) (2006): $ 380 per capita gross domestic product (GDP) (2006): 1070 dollar economic growth rate (2006): 9.3% currency name: new dinar (Dinar); exchange rate (2006): 1 US dollar = 2.5 new dinars; inflation rate (2006): 7.2%. Resources: iron, silver, chrome, copper, manganese, gold, aluminum, lead, uranium, zinc, tungsten, asbestos, gypsum, mica, talc, diamonds, petroleum, natural gas and timber and other natural resources. Main mineral resources and reserves: about 3 million tons of iron, copper, chromium, 900 tons of 70 tons, about 9000 tons of silver, and oil for about 5 million tons. Forest covers about 6400 million hectares, accounting area 23.3%; in forestry resources, gum Arabic. Water resources are abundant.2 million hectares of freshwater.